Sources
1. The Global Economy (2026), Access to electricity, percent of the population, Africa, 2024 (source: World Bank), theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/access_to_electricity/Africa/.
2. IRENA, IEA, UNSD, World Bank and WHO (2025), Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2025, irena.org/Publications/2025/Jun/Tracking-SDG-7-The-Energy-Progress-Report-2025.
3. SEforALL (2025), Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2025, Deep Dive Perspective, seforall.org.
4. NERC (2026), Annual Report and Accounts 2025, nerc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/2025-Annual-Report_Pub.pdf.
5. NERC (2025), Quarterly Reports 2025/Q1, Q2 and Q3, nerc.gov.ng.
6. Legit.ng (2026), NERC 2025/Q4 report: ATC&C loss of 34.90%, legit.ng.
7. Tribune Online (2026), The physical and financial losses in Nigeria's power sector (Part III), tribuneonlineng.com.
8. MyJoyOnline (2026), IMF cautions Ghana over energy sector despite progress made in reducing energy debt, myjoyonline.com.
9. Modern Ghana, IERPP (2026), Ghana's energy sector lost $1.4 billion in 2025, modernghana.com.
10. Ecofin Agency (2026), IMF pushes Ghana to bring private operators into power distribution, ecofinagency.com.
11. World Bank (2026), Connecting West Africa through regional power integration and expanded electricity access, worldbank.org.
12. World Bank (2025), Powering Africa: the transformational impact of regional energy projects in West Africa, worldbank.org.
13. World Bank (2026), Mission 300: Frequently Asked Questions; and Mission 300 Overview (2025), worldbank.org/en/programs/energizing-africa/faq.
14. Rockefeller Foundation (2025), Mission 300: we've built the boat, now let's row quickly, rockefellerfoundation.org.
15. Afrobarometer (2024), Dispatch No. 793: Slight and uneven progress still leaves many Africans without electricity, afrobarometer.org.
16. Adeoye, O. and Spataru, C. (2020), Quantifying the integration of renewable energy sources in West Africa's interconnected electricity network, UCL Discovery, discovery-pp.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10087773.
17. Global Energy Monitor (2026), Power Sector Transition in the West African Power Pool, gem.wiki.
18. allAfrica (2025), ECOWAS Council of Ministers on the withdrawal of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger (effective 29 January 2025), allafrica.com/stories/202504250276.html.
Note sur le périmètre : les chiffres de pertes de distribution ne sont publiés sur une base comparable que pour le Nigéria (NERC) et le Ghana (FMI, IERPP). Aucun classement des pertes pour les 15 pays n'est présenté, faute de données officielles comparables pour les autres pays. Les chiffres d'accès sont les valeurs 2024 de la Banque mondiale telles que publiées par The Global Economy.
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